Causes of Breast Cancer - Free Essay Example

Cancer is the most lethal and dangerous diseases for human beings. Huge resources have been spent to acknowledge breast cancer evolution, to figure out causes and to develop methods of treating breast cancer. For all these researchers main point is to understand cancer development pathway, and to increase overall survival percentage. Nowadays, scientists are faced with the hard problem, and they are inability to cure it once the breast cancer developed. The key to prevent breast cancer is to analyze and learn more about the biological mechanisms which cause it, and try to identify very early changes. Human breast cancer evolution is not clear and defined. Researchers have not been able to identify early morphological, cellular, or molecular changes which caused to develop breast cancer disease. These research article based on five different investigators scientific articles about breast cancer origin and evolution, molecular evolution of the breast cancer, gene mutations which cause breast cancer, tumor cell growth in human breast cancer. Many research are done to find solution and prevent breast cancer in early stages. Peter T Simpson article explains invasive breast cancer evolution and development. The whole point of this article is to analyze invasive breast cancer molecules, for better understanding its development. Invasive cancer evolution begins in the lobules; women breast glands that produced milk. After developing invasive cancer cells, they break lobule and spread to the other parts of the body. According to Peter T Simpson article, breast cancer cell development a new ways described in the last a few years. Most of the research have the same result, that the Nuclear grade connected with genetic changes or mutations in breast cancer cells (Simpson, 2005). Based on â€Å"Molecular Evolution of Breast Cancer† article there are low?grade and high?grade invasive cancer development. During low?grade invasive cancer cells development, ER (estrogen receptor) and PgR (progesterone receptor) are positive and Her-2 is negative, this means that cancer cells receive signals from progesterone receptor and stop growing (Simpson, 2005). On the other hand, during high?grade development, there are nuclear abnormalities, estrogen receptor is negative and Her-2 is positive. This means that estrogen is supporting cancer cells growth and spread of (Simpson, 2005). However, even a single changes of nuclear molecules can cause breast cancer. According to Kornelia Polyak article, researchers beginning to understand cancer cells behavior relating to tumor heterogeneity and development. â€Å"Breast Cancer: Origins and Evolution† article explains tumor cells, analyzes tumor cells, gives information about evolution of tumor cell based on genetic changes and gene expression changes in organisms (epigenetic). The two common models that this article describes are the cancer stem cell and the clonal evolution hypotheses (Polyak, 2007). As in every model, this two also sharing similarities and have differences between them. The main difference of this two hypotheses is that cancer cells are offspring of cancer stem cells, and can not undergo stem cells unlimited division (self-renewing). Also, after increasing genetic changes the cancer stem cell can control tumor cells movement. Secondary, according to the clonal evolution model, the cancer cells developed multiple phenotypes during genetic and epigenetic changes (Polyak, 2007). Phenotypes are not stable and can change when the tumor cell developed. All tumor cells have the function to undergo cells unlimited division. So, the important difference between the models is describing same types of tumor cell behavior in every case with different mechanisms: either tumor cell genetic or epigenetic changes or tumor cells different phenotypes. Based on Kornelia Polyak scientific research article, both models sharing similarities as well. The most important function that connects both models is tumor cell origination from a single cell that had multiple mutations and variations. â€Å"Breast Tumor Heterogeneity† article discusses the same topic with different views. Lauren L. Campbell Kornelia Polyak article describes tumor cells morphologies and behaviors in a human breast. The evolution of tumor heterogeneity is not clear; mutations and changes in the nature can effect tumor heterogeneity. As described in a previous article, â€Å"Breast Cancer: Origins and Evolution†, this article also explains tumor cells evolution based on two most popular concepts: the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and the clonal evolution model (Campbell, 2007). A lot of research and scientific findings support one of these two hypothesis. These two models are very different, but still sharing some similarities. Based on this article information, breast tumor heterogeneity caused by the clonal evolution hypothesis (Campbell, 2007). The main concept of this article is analyzing breast cancer cells, the most common hypothesis, and the role of clonal evolution model in tu mor heterogeneity. These processes are key to develop new effective ways to solve and prevent breast cancer problem worldwide. There are a few similarities that the cancer stem cell hypothesis and the clonal evolution model share it. According to the authors, in each case, tumor cell originate from a single cell that has mutations. Also, in each case, genetic and environmental changes can increase the risk, as well. Finally, both the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and the clonal evolution model have stem cell: cells within a tumor that can dividing and give rise many tumor cells. These two models have differences as well. First of all, they explain tumor heterogeneity with different mechanisms. Second, according to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, normal stem cells are the most effective of changes, while non of the normal cells are identified by the clonal evolution model. Lastly, according to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, only a small amount of cancer stem cells present during tumor growth, while the clonal evolution model expects that any tumor cell has high risk to be involved in this process. Researchers are working to figure out the main cause of breast cancer that is still undefined. The previous articles discuss breast cancer evolution, molecular changes, tumor heterogeneity and tumor cell evolution the most common concepts. But this article has different view to the same problem. It discusses the role of genetics to determine breast cancer rick in advance. The main concept of this article is using family history to determine breast cancer risk. According to the American Journal of Human Genetics research study results in 2002, women who had BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 1and 2) genes mutations in their history have huge risk to get breast cancer (more than 80% ), than women without carrying mutation gene (Antoniou, 2003). Also, according to the same article research, children who have mutant gene transferred from parents, develop breast cancer during their life (Antoniou, 2003). The main point of this article is to discuss BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, wh ich causes both breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Males and females, who are carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation, were tested and the results are very different. BRCA1 gene mutation does not develop breast cancer among males, but BRCA2 genes have high risk to develop breast cancer. For females, BRCA1 gene mutation have high risk factor to evolve breast cancer, and with BRCA2 gene mutation both breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Lastly, according to the American Journal of Human Genetics, a father with gene mutations can pass the abnormal gene to his children. If the child is a girl, she already has high risk of developing Hereditary breast cancer; gene mutation transferred from parent to child, which developed in very early ages. Based on â€Å"New England Journal of Medicine† report, after Breast Cancer 1 and Breast Cancer 2 gene mutation, the second gene mutation which causes breast cancer is PALB2 gene. The main concept of this scientific article is to explain PALB2 gene importance, and the side effects of PALB2 gene abnormal function. A study founds that breast cancer risk increases of PALB2 gene abnormal function. According to this article, PALB2 gene localized of the BRCA2 gene, and it’s main function is to repair damaged DNA and stop tumor growth (Antoniou, 2014). Also, PALB2 gene makes protein that works with the BRCA2 gene. Unlike the previous articles research, for this experiment researchers collected information from 362 family members (Antoniou, 2014). The half of the family members had an abnormal PALB2 gene, but they did not have an mutant BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene in their family history (Antoniou, 2014). As of result, 229 women out of 311 had been detected with breast cancer, beca use of PALB2 gene mutation. For men’s, seven out of 51 identified with breast cancer. Based on this study results, the risk to develop breast cancer with PALB2 gene mutation is 14% among women. But the percentage of developing breast cancer increases by age 50 and above. In conclusion, this research paper based on five different scientific articles with the same view of the problem; understand causes and find solutions to overcome breast canes. In order to prevent breast cancer, researchers analyzing and developing more knowledge about the biological mechanisms, and trying to identify breast cancer during very early stages. Based on the research articles, the evolution of human breast cancer is not clear, very little is known about it. Scientists have not been able to identify early morphological, cellular, or molecular changes which developed breast cancer disease. This research paper analysis breast cancer origin and evolution, molecular evolution of breast cancer, breast tumor heterogeneity, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation and breast cancer risk during PALB2 mutation. This research paper explains two main well defined pathways to the evolution of low?grade and high?grade invasive disease, the two most common models: the cancer stem cell and the clonal evolution and selection hypotheses, compared and contrasted human tumor cells, as well as used family history to explain breast cancer.

Speech on the rain forest. - 1444 Words

Attention Getter: The rainforest is one of the Earths most valuable natural resources. At the current rate of destruction it could be completely wiped out in the next 40 years. Audience Motivator: Every single day we are losing 137 plants, animal and insect species due to rainforest deforestation (Rainforest Facts). Landowners and governments of the rainforest today need to be given a good economic reason not to destroy the rainforest. We need to make an economy for the sustainable resources of the rainforest, not the cattle and logging operations. Thesis Statement: Most people have no idea just how much the rainforest is affecting our lives. Many of our foods and medicines come directly from the rainforest. Even the oxygen we breathe†¦show more content†¦Yet, fewer than 1% of tropical species have been thoroughly examined for their chemical compounds. Many of the foods we eat today originated in the rainforests: avocado, banana, black pepper, brazilian nuts, cayenne pepper, chocolate/cocoa, fig, eggplant, etc. The wild strains still in the rainforests of many of these plants provide genetic materials essential to fortify our existing agricultural stock. Many other rainforests plants have great promise to become other staple foods. Rainforests play a critical role in the atmosphere in part because they hold vast reserves of carbon in their vegetation. When rainforests are burned, or the trees are cut and left to decay, the carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This is the second largest factor contributing to the greenhouse ffect. Transition Statement: The rainforests are being destroyed every second. They are being cut down for short-term economic benefit. Once an area is destroyed, it can never again return to the amazing ecosystem that it once was. It takes millions of years to create, and seconds to destroy. People who live in the rainforest have to see the rainforest for more than just its trees. There is more money to be made in the sustainable natural resources that it holds, than its timber. Third Main Point: Money makes the world go around. Land owners, governments and those living in the RF must be given aShow MoreRelated Internet Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Speech to Motivate a. Speech title (Tip - Should have a literary quality): â€Å" The Lungs of the Earth† b. Topic (Tip - narrow and adapt to audience, see ch. 5 in text): The Amazon Forest c. Purpose Statements (See sample W.O.R.M.S. and ch. 5 in text): 1. General Purpose: To persuade my audience. 2. Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to do one of these things to help preserve the Amazon Forest: write a letter, recycling, form and support a organization, or/andRead MoreRequiem for a Beast Essay1229 Words   |  4 Pagescowboy hats, which could be assumed that they resemble the Australian Government. The father mentions his remorse over the situation years after the event took place and this is similar to the apology given by then Prime Minster, Kevin Rudd, as the speech was given many years after the incident occurred. The boy’s father’s remorse over the death of the young Aboriginal boy could symbolise the apology the Australian Government gave on behalf of Australia about the land they lost, their treatment andRead MoreThe Extraterrestrial Turtle1028 Words   |  4 Pageskilled. In desperation for survival Neil reached for the lock. Gravity was turned off as he began to float in the rolling car. The car had started to tear apart and open creating an e scape route for Neil. He was launched out of his car into the lush rain forests of Jamaica. From the perspective of a 1 inch turtle, he was lost. Neil had decided to take refuge in his shell. Neil had awakened the next morning to his stomach howling in need of nourishment. Searching for food at a slow pace he had vast amountsRead MoreGlobal Warming Reflection Paper1510 Words   |  7 PagesRoute over Russia† (NY Times, 2007). Ice glaciers are melting and sea levels are increasing. The climate change has produced many environmental disasters. The over population is sending people farther into the rain forests to build houses. For example, people have invaded the rain forests and are destroying many trees. Additionally, the warmer temperatures are increasing the changes of Tsunamis in Hurricanes in different parts of the world. In addition, many factories are polluting the environmentRead MoreNuclear Power As A New Form Of Energy947 Words   |  4 PagesSpecific Purpose: After my speech, the class will be more accepting to the idea of using nuclear power as a new form of energy. Central Idea: Today, you will learn about the devastating effects our current forms of generating energy causes and how nuclear energy can help fix those effects. Introduction: We live in a world that is crumbling and being destroyed all around us at an increasing rate. Humanity is now on a collision course with the natural environment. Using an alternative energy sourceRead MoreCrossing: Narrator and Story1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfathers would never dream of taking their sons out on dangerous trips, which is not the case in Mark Slouka’s short story, Crossing, which was published in 2009. It’s a nerve racking story about a father who takes his little son on a survival trip in a forest, which turns out bad. It is an interesting story and this study will analyze and interpret the narrator, setting and structure and will finally conclude on the story as a whole. The story is being told from a limited omniscient third person narrativeRead MoreChief Seattle Oration Analysis1061 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans, and the Euro-Americans simply took over regions and the land of the native community. The Native Americans were outraged by their inferiority and on the colonist’s treatment of the environment. The Chief Seattle’s 1854 Oration is a speech in response to a proposed treaty in which the Indians were persuaded to give up thousands of acres to the US government for a sum of 150,000 dollars. The Chief Seattle’s Oration is considered to be the most profound environmental statements in historyRead MoreBatek of Malaysia1370 Words   |  6 Pagesindependence is valued equally by the men and women. The women are obviously valued as highly as the men in this culture, as nowhere else in the world have I ever heard of such equality. Even as much as we would like to say in America we have freedom of speech, and Women can wo rk and go to school and become important, there are still discrepancies among Americans that still look to the male gender as being more dominate and more powerful. Americans as well as Im sure other cultures still see a woman asRead MoreDeforestation: A Disastrous Future Ahead Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesnations, including the United States, are saying we can, based on the commitment to put together a 3.5 billion dollar â€Å"quick start† fund for REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a forest carbon program. This fund is meant to pay the underdeveloped nations to stop destroying their forests. However, because of deforestation, CO2 levels are reaching great heights causing global warming, so if businesses don’t act fast and cut back on this destruction it could mean the endRead MoreThe Year Of The Flood1677 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s novel The Year of the Flood, several saints are mentioned during Adam Ones speech for Pollination Day namely Saint Suryamani Bhagat of India, among so many others, because of her contributions to forest preservation (Atwood 276). Atwood may have chosen to incorporate Bhagat, an environmental activist, as a saint in her novel considering that The Gardeners had devoted this festival to the mysteries of plant reproduction, especially that of those wondrous trees, the angiosperms

A Significant Meaning Of Freedom Of Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 494 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? Even though freedom of speech can be tricky, understanding what can be said under the first amendment is key. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on hate speech. In the article Todays Students Have a New Way of Looking at Free Speech Kathleen stated most students want their college to be a place where uncomfortable ideas can be debated openly. This statement goes to show that it is very significant that free speech is expressed in many ways. Students in certain schools have little to no verbal opinion on what happens at their school. There are certain things youre allowed to say, and certain things that you are not allowed to say. Whatever happened to freedom of speech and does it exist on college campuses? When freedom of speech is confined in higher institutions, it diminishes the development of adults importance of this crucial right. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Significant Meaning Of Freedom Of Speech" essay for you Create order Fahrenheit 451 gives an example of not having free speech. The society was a very close-minded society. No one ever thought of speaking up and expressing their true emotions. Most people just were afraid of being judged or offending others. In the article The Importance of Protecting Even the Thoughts We Hate Eugene Volokh states One way that speech restrictions often grow is through what I call censorship envy. If one group is given the power to suppress speech offensive to it, others are likely to press harder to get the same privilege for themselves. Lastly, Julie Lythcott stated in Millennials Will Soon Define ?America, and Thats a Problem for Ideas that Students who wont hear other perspectives are essentially sticking their fingers in their ears and pretending the issue is not open to discussion. If we continue to not express the freedom of speech everyones feelings would be bottled up inside and there would be no escape for feelings. The first amendment in the US constitution states that people are allowed to speak and write what they wish, and yet colleges and universities are disregarding it when they censor the statements. Yet, what is it that colleges are protecting students from? If it were from people writing instructions on how to build a bomb, then one could argue that the protection of life is more important than freedom of speech. Yet, all of the regulations in US colleges and universities are there to stop people writing or saying things that the college/university in question feels are offensive. They usually revolve around religion or political views. Colleges and universities in the US are banning students from speaking, writing and even holding opinions that contradict what the college likes.

Essay on Mass Media Society - 1080 Words

Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short- term effects of mass media are separate and distinct when its role in America is evaluated. Mass media effects people differently because of varied amounts of exposure and formats. Mass media has a socialization function in American†¦show more content†¦Wells’s science fiction novel War of the Worlds. But it was so realistically presented in a newscast format that the many listeners who turned in late missed the information that it was only a play. They thought that Martian monsters were taking over. This is a perfect example of how an impressionable public can overreact in a brief period of time to a believed â€Å"news† broadcast, because America considered the media to be honest. While the illogical response was short-term, the public was not only entirely embarrassed, but also completely angry about the media abusing the public’s trust for ratings. This event was one of the contributing reasons which has led the public to distrust and lose interest in the media productions. Examples with this kind of distrusting reaction have contributed to a long-term response, in which audiences have ignored these programs. While programs such as the Mercury Theater of the Air have had little integration with American society and its culture, less ludicrous productions have become recognized as an integral part of our culture. The most popular forms of media which have influenced the public were television and movies full of â€Å"cowboys and Indians, cops and robbers, pirates, soldiers† along with other heroes and villains. Children re-enacted these plots, against each other, using household objects and toys, entertaining themselves for hours. â€Å"(C)hildren and teenagers alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one social media is where anyoneRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society861 Words   |  4 PagesWhere do we get our information in society? How do we know what is true information from false information? Mass media, including T.V, Radio stations, newspaper has taken over the minds of people in society. According to Glen Smith and Kathleen Searles, Most assumption are being based off of what they see and hear on the television, social networks and on the radio because its mainly one side stories or one bashing of individuals. People do not take the time to go in-depth about the situation beingRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe modern societies which we presently inhabit are constituted by every day subjects who uphold the deeply imbedded systems of power and complacency through the deeply rooted acceptance of mass media. In the words of Guy Debord, â€Å"The spectacle is not a collection of image s; rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by images†, where the spectacle is loosely defined as mass media. Debord is saying that mass media is more than just images and ways of communication, it’s howRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society928 Words   |  4 PagesConclusion Mass media has become easily accessible and has grown bigger than anyone could have imagined 20 years ago, for the invention of the internet, mass media is able to reach a bigger audience at an almost unbelievable rate. Many people depend on mass media as a source of information, taking the information at face value, perpetuating the information they received unto others. Whether the information be about politicians, world affairs, and or the police, we, as society, do believe what weRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society935 Words   |  4 PagesOption two Mass media has evolved tremendously in the last century and even the last few years it has changed. Each type of mass media however functions differently in society. For example, one mass media platform is newspapers. Newspapers were the first mass news media, beginning in 1692 till 1920. When newspapers first started out, the government controlled the content that newspapers produced. This impacted significantly how this society shaped itself, and also what people thought. That quicklyRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On The Society1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthe causes of aggressive behavior, crime, and violence in the society. The potential of the mass media for social mobilization, education, and attitude change has been recognized and has been exploited in different parts of the world with varying degrees of success. But the effect that the mass media will produce at given situation still remains a subject of debate even today. Summing up what is known about the effect of the mass media, Berelson (1948:172) in Mcquail (2000:457)submitted â€Å"that someRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesis mass media. Mass media is a means of communication that reach number of people in a short time. Mass media includes television, newspaper, magazine, radio and Internet (Nariman,2011) . It is a large pool of information from where every type of information can be extracted and is widening more and more. Mass media influences the society especially the younger generation and shape their opinions and decisions. The study of the impacts of mass media requires a great understanding. Mass media haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society1335 Words   |  6 Pages Mass media has inched its way into almost every facet of our daily lives. No one feels this intrusion more so than women. The market is geared towards them as the biggest consumer in our society. As a woman I am aware of this fact, but not only am I a woman, I am a woman who works in the advertising business. I have a unique perspective on both sides of the spectrum. How does all this focus effect us? How does this attention effect the way we perceive ourselves? Is it harmful? Can it be helpfulRead MoreMass Media And Society s Influence On Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesPosition Statement Mass media and society have an influence on each other. One impacts the other just a tad bit more. They have a symbiotic relationship, where one cannot work successfully with each other in many different circumstances. Society has more influence over mass media, because of the idea for supply and demand. If the public does not demand service, then it would not be provided. Media does have a small impact on society, but society holds the key to how information is dispersed. Included

Working At Tacobell With A White Picket Fence - 999 Words

Jobs I’ve Held I want to live the American Dream. I have the wife, but I also want the two children and the house with a white picket fence. To do so, I have to work. Since entering the workforce at the age of 16, I’ve held many jobs working in food and beverage, fast food, and investment industries. Working in these industries has provided me with opportunities to work with different managers. All of the managers I’ve worked with had different personalities and management styles. The purpose of this paper is to identify the management styles I encountered, the type of bosses they were, and the leadership styles they demonstrated. When I entered the workforce at 16, there weren’t many high paying jobs available for someone with absolutely no previous work experience. The only job available for me was in the fast food industry, so my first job was at TacoBell. Working at TacoBell, exposed me to my very first management style. The general manager was a small middle-aged woman named Lucy. Lucy was a very stern and straight forward. The saying† you can’t teach an old dog new trick â€Å"referred to her. District managers would come into the store to train the store over new menu items, and she would argue and openly disagree with the new changes and procedures taking place. Watching these actions on numerous occasions, I realized how much of a control freak she was because she would constantly disagree and tell her boss what should be done. Then to top it off, she wasn’t kind toShow MoreRelatedWorking At Tacobell, The, And Leadership Styles922 Words   |  4 PagesJobs I’ve Held I want to live the American Dream. I have the wife, but I also want the two children with the house that has a white picket fence. To do so, I have to work. Since entering the workforce at 16, I’ve held many jobs working in food and beverage, fast food, and investment industries. Working in these industries has provided me with opportunities to work with different managers. All of the managers I’ve worked with had different personalities and management. The purpose of this paper

Brazilian History Lygia Clark - 1042 Words

Lygia Clark’s work transcends her time and continues to become relevant in our post-modern world. Her work is recognized today as one of the founding bodies of Brazil and is important internationally. Her artistic path holds a position in the critical movement that changed the art world in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Clark’s work has continued to define our post-modern obsession with situation. Lygia Clark’s work transcends her time and continues to become relevant in our post-modern world. Her work is recognized today as one of the founding bodies of Brazil and is important internationally. Her artistic path holds a position in the critical movement that changed the art world in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Clark’s work has continued to define†¦show more content†¦Clark’s work does not reside in the spatial understanding of an object, it would now be accomplished in temporality, and an experience in which the art object would lose is object-ness and become a force affected by the world, distorting one’s subjective and object-based realities. Yet the work could still exist as an object, independent from the experience and those who approached it could remain merely viewers of the object. This understanding led Clark to avoid â€Å"fetishization† of the work as it resides in an institution and the work became focused on an event: an action that transforms the work. It is important to state that the request of Lygia Clark’s work to involve the body as a primary element should not be mistaken with a request to simply manipulate the objects presented, as was common with works presented at the time. In their letters, both Lygia Clark and Hà ©lio Oiticica insisted that their works differed from the others of their time. Even in our post-modern art world, it still seems logical to create that distinction. As is common in current art, the need for interactivity in the work requires that both the body manipulation the object and the object itself, in a relational form, requires that both be considered art objects. Basically understood, relationally based art defines the art object as the relation between the object

Group Case Study ADB Knowledge Audit

Question: Discuss about theGroup Case Study for ADB Knowledge Audit. Answer: Introduction In the present era, in which there are changes in organizational dynamics at a rapid rate the need for knowledge management becomes much important (Lauer and Tanniru, 2001). In order to manage the business organizations that are working in complex environmental settings the process of managing knowledge is essential (Schwikkard and du Toit, 2004).The case is related to knowledge management strategy adopted by Asian Development Bank. Evaluation Strategy In order to achieve this goal the company developed a strategic outline in order to make the system of management, culture, process of business, solutions for IT, community of practice and relations with outside organizations by development of networks in 2007. In this the process of carrying out knowledge audit was also outlined. As an initial point to start, the bank decided to carry out an online survey that will measure the perceptions of employees and in turn it will serve as the foundation to measuring the success of system. The major objective of adopting this knowledge strategy was to change the focus to sense and respond rather than make and sell so that shareholders can have maximum value. In order to have a holistic knowledge management the organization should have integration of external environment, context of organization, knowledge and relationships between the people of organization and the interaction of organization with other organizations. The departments for eval uation include ADB management,board of directors, operations department, DMC, internal evaluation committee and IED that are jointly responsible to evaluate the system (ADB, 2007). Approaches In order to properly implement knowledge management, organization, leadership, technology, and learning are integrated. The leadership plays an important role in driving value for managing knowledge; they work from identifying the need of managing knowledge, establishing goals, planning process and implementing it. Organization acts as a supporting mechanism in the knowledge management procedure by gap, opportunities and risk identification, developing the model and keeping the audience engaged. Technology facilitates the collection of knowledge as well as connecting the sources of knowledge, in this regard it helps using the resources in innovatve ways, it allows better access to knowledge and makes the organization able to report and monitor information in a better way. In learning process teams are developed virtually so that information sharing can be managed, communities of practice are made and incentives and rewards are given to people who play good role in sharing knowledge ( ADB, 2007). Technology and Techniques In ADB their objective is to use knowledge management in order to enhance performance in development of strategy, improving techniques of management, better collaboration, learning and sharing of knowledge along with capturing and sharing knowledge. In order to attain this goal, the tools such as knowledge audit, assistance from peers, exit interviews, knowledge mapping etc are employed in order to attain these objectives. In this process the technology was also kept in consideration, as modern technological advances such as use of data warehousing, various software to manage data, Email, multimedia, groupwares, intranet, systems to support decisions, search engines, systems of neural networks and lessons learned, communication and video conferencing were adopted. It has been found that the process of managing knowledge is facilitated by adopting modern tools and technologies (Miller, 2009). ADB employed the method of knowledge audit to be carried out in five months, the steps incorporated, included preparation of knowledge, analysis of audit, review and planning for business. In order to carry out the knowledge audit questionnaires were administrated that contained five aspects i.e. development strategy, management techniques, sharing of knowledge and learning, collaboration and storing and capturing of knowledge. In this process the perceptions of all departments were considered in order to evaluate the performance of knowledge management system in ADB. It was found that as per the perception of employees in IED, development of strategy, collaboration and capturing and sharing of knowledge is being done effectively, they thought sharing and storage of knowledge is not good. They also said that management should adopt better techniques. Apart from the evaluations of IED, it was found by other departments only strategy is being developed in good way while rest of things need improvement such as collaboration, learning and sharing of knowledge, capturing and storing of knowledge. The participants that belonged to the international committee for evaluation had a different view point. They were only asked about three aspects i.e. collaboration, storing and capturing, learning and sharing knowledge. They gave positive opinion reading all those aspects. It is stated that the process of managing knowledge is never effective if it is not linked to the external environment, relationships with agencies that act as evaluators and context of company. In case of ADB although they had developed a good knowledge management system but the audit results revealed that there are various issues in this process. Moreover, the opinion of IED, IEC and ADB departments were different that show that the system is not developed in a coherent manner. In addition to this the process of designing the audit included the need analysis of knowledge, analysis of inventory of knowledge, analysis of flow of knowledge and mapping. Most of the focus of the knowledge management process resides on explicit knowledge and they did not have much focus on the tacit knowledge that is more important aspect of any organization. In addition to this the relationship among departments, the context of company, linkage to the outside environment was taken into account. This is a good point because when the link with external environment is not established the proper need identification cannot be done. Theorganization needs to deploy thatknowledge that helps it to improve the business performance and make it aware of the trends(Bontis, Fearon and Hishon, 2003). When the company will have knowledge of trends then it will able respond to the needs of stakeholders accordingly.Furthermore, itis important that all departments must coordinate with each other so that they have a coherent process of knowledge management. But, in this case it is examined that IEC, IED and ADB had different perceptions regarding the knowledge management system. This shows the overall lacking in the understanding of goal of knowledge management system. It also shows that the system is not sufficient to address all the needs of knowledge management as the areas of improvement were identified by ADB and IEC. Although, IED stated that knowledge management process was working well on all dimensions but they were not asked about the development strategy and techniques of management. One of which was rated as inadequate by ADB. In addition to these the areas deemed to be working satisfactorily by IED were considered as areas of improvement like ADB reported issues in sharing and reporting of knowledge along with storing and capturing knowledge. Solution and Evaluation This made ADB realize that their system needs improvement, so they paid attention toward making knowledge audit process more efficient. They proposed that evaluations should be taken from perspective of more clients. Theysuggested that the success rates of projects should also be included. They developed new tools such as learning curves, system for evaluation of information that is an online system containing recommendations, lessons and responses of management. The company has also enhanced the focus on making group communication better and they renewed ECGnet. The method of evacuation was changed and made more frequent, they created online evaluation community for practice, incorporatedcharts forevaluation, harmonized the indicators of performance. The reporting was made more visual by using presentations and photographic formats. A deliberate effort is being made to enhance the value from evaluating operations. They are using matrices for managing knowledge in this case in additi on to incorporating feedback of clients. Overall, good approach is adopted by ADB in order to meet up the deficiencies in its knowledge management system. They have enhanced condition and communication, enhanced the frequency of evaluation and took feedbackfrom more people that will make their evaluation better and able them to adapt the knowledgemanagement system as per needs of internal and external environment, these practices are found to be useful in managing knowledge (McInerney and Koenig, 2011). But they could also adopt the method of carrying out interviews in the process of knowledge audit that is deemed to be one of effective method in identifying the needs of knowledge (Perez-Soltero at el. 2006). The main aim of carrying out audit of knowledge is to examine where the organization stands in terms of knowledge and where knowledge is located. So, in this case we suggest that they should involve the senior management and support of leadership as well as they are in a better situation to identify the needs of knowledge in collaboration with employees of organization(Kumar,2011). This will make sure that process is carried out under the guidance of senior management and no important knowledge source or skill is left out. As suggested by Miller (2009) they can also involve people from expert knowledge audit firm to carry out the process in better way. The audit team should have involved people from all departmentsspecially those who have goods knowledge about vision of company so that knowledge management can be matched with it. In addition to this, in order to better develop the tacit knowledge informal social networking should be encouraged(Debenham and Clark, 2003). Improvements It is suggested that the ADB should have developed knowledge team that includes the people form senior management, finance department, marketing and HR department. In addition to this, the people should be from information technology department and there should be a special head for knowledge management. Furthermore they can also hire an expert form professional knowledge audit firm(Harding, 2010). They had adopted a good process of aligning the knowledge management process with vision of bank but there were some deficiencies in the system that could be managed if an effective team is developed (Burnett, Williams and Illingworth, 2013). This kind of cross functional team will allow equal focus on tacit and explicit knowledge; it will eliminate bias and make ADB able to deal with the complexities of knowledge management process(Kidd, 2004). They should include 8Cs of knowledge audit including connectivity, culture, community, content, cooperation, capacity, capital and commerce (Berge ron, 2003). Analytical Model On the basis of above discussion and evaluation the new model to show the proposed knowledge system and audit is shown below Conclusion In this report the knowledge management process and knowledge audit of ADB is examined. It is found that the company is taking into account the environmental factors and needs of company while managing knowledge and they aim to maximize the value of services. The knowledge audit process revealed some of the weaknesses in the area of development of strategy, collaboration, learning, storing, capturing and sharing of knowledge. In response to this an improved system is devised that incorporated more frequent audit and involvement of more stake holders who collaborate more frequently. It is suggested that the ADB knowledge team should be cross functional in nature and equal importance should be given to tacit knowledge. They should include 8Cs of knowledge audit including connectivity, culture, community, content, cooperation, capacity, capital and commerce and contact external experts for further improvement. References ADB. (2007). Learning Lessons in ADB. Manila. [Online] Available at: www.adb.org/documents/reports/learning-lessonsadb/strategic-framework-2007-2009.asp [Accessed 23 September 2016] Bergeron, B. (2003). Essentials of Knowledge Management, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Burnett, S., Williams, D. and Illingworth, L. (2013). Reconsidering the Knowledge Audit Process: Methodological Revisions in Practice. Know. Process Mgmt., 20(3), pp.141-153. Debenham, J. and Clark, J. (2003). 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