Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in Integration with Federal Union

Introduction Increased technology and communication in the world today has made interaction between human beings easier. Technology has give globalization a whole new meaning. Despite prevailing challenges, the prospect of forming a harmonious world authority, probably modeled along the idea of the United Nations is more real than ever.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in Integration with Federal Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Issues such as race that have divided humanity for ages have taken a backseat as people interact on the basis of interests and benefits. However, the road to achieve full globalization and a functioning world government will not be achieved easily (McCarthy 1). There are steps that need to be taken and the idea may take decades before it comes to pass. On a regional scale however, integration has made huge strides that ar e on course to giving birth to regional federal unions. Many regional groupings such as the East African Community, European Union and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf who were set up mainly for economic reasons are quickly evolving to political outfits that in the end may form federal units. This discussion will focus on the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)’s chances of integrating to a federal union and the merits and demerits that may arise as a result of such a move. Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf The charter that establishes the GCC recognizes it as a multipurpose organization whose main mandate is to spearhead the integration of the member states to achieve unity in all fields. Members of GCC include Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain and Unite Arab Emirates. Though establishment of a single market was the main objective behind the formation of GCC in 1981, changing regional and international p olitical and security dynamics have compelled the grouping to consider forming a political federation. Mostly probably due to recent events shaping politics in the Arab Peninsula, GCC members states announced on March 2012 that they group will start putting in place mechanisms to help it evolve to a confederation. It is apparent a political federation will be the ultimate destination when necessary mechanisms have been put in place. The GCC becoming one country will need to go past a singular independent entity such as the European Union that has politically sovereign states within it, to an integrated model like the United States of America that will be bound by a common supreme law and treaties establishing the union. While the above process is likely to take some time, it is possible and the new country is likely to reap benefits from it.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Merits of a GCC political federation Large federal organizations like the United States have semi-autonomous units that govern themselves although the federal government holds authority over them (Lombaerde et al. 172). Such an arrangement for the GCC will come with numerous benefits. McCarthy says that such political unions eliminate the â€Å"smallness† that many countries feel when dealing with more established peers on the international front (1). The economy of the GCC will stand to gain most from a GCC country. This is because, the country will have a single economic system shaped by federal laws that will encourage higher consumption and growth of the economy. There will be a larger population subscribing to the same economic system and a federal government that will have more bargaining power on matters relating to the economy. The country will be able to support free movement of people within its territory, a factor crucial to economic development and prosperity. Cou pled with unparalleled oil resources and a fully functioning federal system, a GCC country will be in a pole position to dominate the region economically than it is presently. Economic clout and strength largely lays the base for other advantages that will have a ripple effect both within a GCC country and the region. A well managed GCC federal economy will easily support a well funded and equipped military that will raise the county’s profile in the region and the world. The above two elements will aid the federal GCC country to formulate a comprehensive foreign policy that will ensure the country’s interests are secured both domestically and abroad. The above benefits largely center on politics and the economy. A federal GCC country will also bring long social benefits. One advantage that a GCC country will offer its residents is freedom of movement that will enable interaction of people with different backgrounds and cultures united by language and religion. This wi ll eventually give rise to a melting pot of cultures effectively creating a unique GCC culture and identity. Demerits of a GCC political federation Despite the successes associated with such a union, federal political units like the United States and the proposed GCC country are not without their disadvantages (Brabant 26). One main advantage that such an arrangement will bring along is diminished or loss of national sovereignty and identity. In fact, some scholars have cited it as one of the biggest challenges that many regional blocks face in their quest to become federal units. Leaders and nationals of individual nations normally find it hard to cede authority to the federal government.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in Integration with Federal Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a disadvantage because many nationals within the GCC will have to forego any form of benefits they may have been receiving from their national governments and, a possible reduction of government support due to increased responsibilities of the federal government. Additionally, a federal GCC will most certainly disrupt the prevailing social, political and economic order which may take years for people to adjust to and feel part of. Success in such a regional undertaking is not always guaranteed (Espinoza et al. 20). On a lesser scale therefore, there is always a possibility that formation of a GCC country may fail midway disrupting regional balance which may adversely affect the region. Conclusion It is important to note that the above exploration of advantages and disadvantages of a possible formation of a GCC country is not exhaustive. Certainly, there are many more benefits that will come out of such an arrangement if examined separately and precisely. However, the above, political, economical and social benefits largely highlight what a n entity like the one proposed is likely to get. It is not always guaranteed that formation of a federal government will succeed. There usually are many dynamics at play and which subtly derail or accelerate success or failure of such a venture. In GCC’s case however, a political federation that may form a GCC country will no doubt be a right step in the quest to attain political, economical and military supremacy. Besides, the social benefits of such an arrangement will be worth a try. Works Cited Brabant, Jozef. Socialist economic integration: aspects of contemporary economic Problems in Eastern Europe, London: Sage Publishers, 1980. Print. Espinoza, Raphael et al. Regional Financial Integration in the GCC, Melbourne: Thomsons Learning, 2010. Print. Lombaerde, Philippe et al. Governing regional integration for development: monitoring Experiences Methods and Prospects, New York: Springer, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McCarthy, Dennis. International economic integration in historical perspective, New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. This assessment on Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in Integration with Federal Union was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Application Of GIS In Tourism Tourism Essays

Application Of GIS In Tourism Tourism Essays Application Of GIS In Tourism Tourism Essay Application Of GIS In Tourism Tourism Essay Introduction: Tourism is one of the most quickly increasing concern sectors in the universe and the success of this concern sector varies from state to state depending on different policies, ability to develop sufficient substructure to back up, ability to pull off and make market and overall selling through the whole universe about the merchandise. Many of the states depend on the touristry sector for their economic growing. To advance, program, implement, manage and selling, touristry are non easy undertaking at any degree of any state. There are batch of factors affect touristry in different ways. To keep all facets of touristry in a planned, sustained and economically sound manner, calculating and IT technologies installations are necessary in this modern universe. GIS- the particular analytical tool can be helpful in touristry sector at different ways. GIS is now recognized widely as a valuable tool for managing, analyzing, and exposing big volumes of diverse informations to many different de grees of planning activities. In instance of touristry planning and direction, GIS is utilizing as a really utile tool. Definitions: It is of import to understand Tourism and GIS clearly earlier discoursing the application of GIS in touristry. Different sections of touristry require different types of informations and analysis. In be aftering touristry, to develop touristry activities further, to discourse touristry chance, to analysis tourer Numberss, to market research GIS can be used otherwise. The definitions and some facets of GIS and touristry are stated below briefly- Gilbert: Geographic Information System ( GIS ) is considered as important scientific discipline and analytical tool in the whole universe for modern research and surveies specially related to spacial informations. Uses of GIS in the developed states cover a broad scope of countries whereas the development states are utilizing this utile tool in some limited sectors due to miss of skilled staffs, adequate support and some other proficient drawbacks. Geographic Information System ( GIS ) is an analytical tool, originated from Computer Aided design ( CAD ) helps to make maps at different graduated tables in different projections with a database to bring forth new information and nowadays it in different formats ( other than maps ) . It besides creates links between spacial and tabular informations and happen out spacial relationships between the characteristics of maps. It helps to roll up, shop and integrate spacial informations to analyze and show them as new information. It is considered as a powerful tool to execute these plants. GIS is non a field by itself but instead the common land between information processing and the many Fieldss using spacial analysis techniques ( Tomlinson, 1972 ) . GIS is computer-assisted systems for the gaining control, storage, retrieval, analysis, and show of spacial informations ( Clark, 1986 ) . GIS is a powerful set of tools for roll uping, hive awaying, recovering at will, transforming and exposing spacial informations from the existent universe ( Burrough, 1986 ) . Tourism: Tourism is the activities of people during his leisure period, apart from his life, usual environment for a fixed period of clip and executing some other activities. To advance, program and implement touristry activities, spacial informations are required as it depends on location, environment and some other factors. The term tourer is derived from the word tour intending a journey at which one returns to the get downing point ; a round trip for concern, pleasance or instruction during which assorted topographic points are visited and for which in path is normally planned. ( Murphy, 1985 ) . Tourism is a composite of activities, installations, services and industries that deliver a travel experience, that is, transit, adjustment, feeding and imbibing constitutions, amusement, diversion, historical and cultural experiences, finish attractive forces, shopping and other services available to travelers away from place. ( Tourism and Leisure Committee, 1997 ) The international national brotherhood of official travel administrations ( IUOTO ) in 1968 declared visitant as- any individual sing a state other than that in which he has his usual topographic point of abode, for any ground other than following an business remunerated from within the state visited. There is another term excursionists is used as visitants but there are difference between tourer and sightseers. Tourist- who are visitants doing at least one over dark halt in a state or part and remaining for at least 24 hours. Excursionists- who are visitants that do non do an over dark Michigans but pass through the state or part. An sightseer stays for less than 24 hours and includes day-trippers and people on sails. Harmonizing to Leiper, touristry is a system that consists three elements- the individual who makes circuit, geographical location or topographic points that travelled during circuit and the whole sector that controls the full system of touristry. The categorization is given below: Tourists- it means the individuals or homo who is doing circuits. That indicates the homo who is the chief histrion of the full system. Geographic elements- geographical location is classified three more categories traveler bring forthing region- bring forthing market for touristry, push to excite and actuate travel. Tourist hunt for information, engagements, departs. tourers destination region- crisp terminal of touristry. Pull factors of touristry. transit route region- non merely the topographic point of short period of stay to make concluding finish but besides intermediate topographic points which may be visited ( Cooper, et.al. , 2005 ) . In this subdivision push and pull factors have been stated where the push factors are those which influence people to go such as vacations from work, run intoing with relations, instruction and concern intents and some clip spiritual and medical intents. The pull factors are the attractive sites, museums, amusement Parkss, natural heritage sites and other attractive sites or festivals. Tourism sector- Tourism sector means the whole concern sector and the whole administration that supply different merchandises for clients to pull. Here the merchandises are tourist attractive forces and the clients are the tourers. In some instances, touristry is defined as the full activities of a tourer individual during his circuit. From a conceptual point of position touristry is -the activities of a individual going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intents. ( WTO and UNSTAT, 1994 ) , ( Cooper, et.al. , 2005 ) . That means the touristry is a construct, means the activities of a going individual. From get downing point of the journey until it ends, touristry is at that place. When the individual is back to his usual life environment, touristry terminals for him. The whole activities ( sight visual perception, nutrient, adjustment, shopping etc. ) during the circuit are considered as touristry. There are some critical points to specify tourer and touristry as it depends on the clip continuance or the entire length of travel or circuit. If the entire travel clip or entire length of travel is more than a twelvemonth or less than a dark it will non be accepted as a touristry activity. Minimum length of stay- one dark ( visitants who do non remain overnight termed as same twenty-four hours visitants or sightseers ) ; Maximum length of stay- one twelvemonth. One more point is involved to specify touristry. That is distance. Distance from the usual life environment is considered. How far a traveler is traveling from his usual environment is a inquiry. World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) suggests that if a individual is going at least 160km off from his life environment will be considered as touristry. Categorization of tourers: Depending on the standards of tourers, their finish, intent of travel, tourers are classified into different classs. The different classs of tourers have different picks, different finishs. So planning and implementing touristry for them and using different tools for analyzing touristry informations varies. Some categorizations of tourers are given below: Within range of travel and touristry: International- intercontinental, continental: individuals who are going from one state to another. They are known as International Tourist. Others: commuters, crews, pupils, migrators, and impermanent workers. Domestic- interregional, regional: individuals who are going within the state but from one part to another. From example- going from London to Scotland. Depending on the topographic points ( largely international ) : Inbound: tourers who are coming to a attractive finish are inward tourer for that peculiar topographic point. Example- a individual is going to London from any part or any state. That individual is inward tourer for London. Outbound: tourers who are traveling to another topographic point or go forthing a topographic point are outward tourers for the leaving topographic point. Example-a individual is going from London to any other part or state. He is outward tourer for London. Purposes: Depending on the intents of travel, tourers are classified as good. Some travel for concern, some for faith, some for festivals, some to run into their relations, some for instruction, some for jaunt etc. Depending on the intents of the tourers, their activities varies. Incentives of travel: In general there are some incentives for going. They are-War, faith, trade, find, festivals, wellness. Elementss need to pull tourer: Merely the intents can non act upon people to do a circuit. There are some elements which attract tourer for a peculiar location. The elements are- Transport, engineering, attractive forces, adjustment ( with nutrient ) , finish organizer. Transport- this is the most of import component to pull tourers. If there is deficiency of conveyance installations, people will be less interested for going to that specific location. There are three manners of transport- land, H2O, air. Land conveyance consists of route and rail. Sometimes transport installations themselves act as touristry specially in H2O and air conveyance. Technology- from the international point of position, engineering is really of import for touristry. Absence of engineering, deter international touristry as there are limited connectivity and opportunity of being isolated during touristry. In this instance, proper public-service corporation supply and specially telephone, Mobile and internet connexion are critical to pull international tourers. Attractions- it indicates chiefly natural and semisynthetic attractive forces. Aesthetic beauty of a topographic point, subject Parkss, memorials, sculptures, museums, sea beaches are of import. Some topographic points become attractive for touristry without holding aesthetic beauty or any amusements. Religious topographic points, historical topographic points, archeological sites are tourists attractive forces as good. Accommodation-if the adjustment and nutrient supply are non appropriate, touristry can non prolong as tourers are non attract. During travel or touristry, tourers need proper nutrient and remainder. Without these the whole touristry may travel in vena. On the other manus, some attractive hotels, some nutrients ( particular dishes-local or Continental ) are tourist attractive forces by themselves. Destination organiser- finish organizer indicates the factors those are related to a tourer finish apart from the top elements. It includes the entire system of a peculiar topographic point, security, attitude of local people and over all how the whole touristry is managed at that place. Factors impacting development of touristry: There are two types of factors that affect the development of touristry. Micro and macro. Macro factors: MACRO factors are the external factors of touristry. In short, they are known as PESTEL ( Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal ) . Political- political factors indicates govt. attitude, political state of affairs of the state, political stableness the state etc. Economic- this indicates the economic status of the host state. Fiscal policy, economic growing etc. are included here. Social- over all societal status, societal construction, norms and societal values, societal civilization, behavioral form of the host state etc. are included in this sector. Technological- usage of engineering, development of engineering, handiness of modern engineerings ( cyberspace, nomadic web, Wi-Fi, etc. ) are the factors of touristry. Environmental- natural catastrophes, eco-tourism, degree of pollution, green environment, seasonal fluctuation etc. are the environmental factors of touristry. Legal- legal facets towards tourers, legislative bindings, revenue enhancement regulations, legal position towards tourists etc. Micro: Micro factors are the internal factors of touristry. Supplier, distributer, stakeholder, stockholder, consumers, employees, rivals, public etc. are the micro factors of touristry. Now a yearss, it is realized that Tourism is a manner of conserving the environment, making occupations and advancing more touristry. Tourism has the potency of going the highest generator of foreign currency. GIS and Tourism: GIS is used in touristry sector in different ways in the different states. In general the most common usage of GIS in touristry is location analysis and related to transport and adjustment. In general the undermentioned consequences can be achieved by questions in GIS Design and Application for Tourism: Determination of of import and necessary topographic points for touristry. Determination of historical and tourist topographic points. Determination of the best suited hotel. Determination of the optimal program for sightseeing topographic points Determination of the shortest distance between the selected topographic points The usage and application of GIS in the touristry sector can be divided into the undermentioned three classs: 1 ) Tourism planning 2 ) Tourism development and research 3 ) Tourism selling For touristry, one of the most of import things is the local map of the tourer site. Map and GIS is closely related to each other. Maps with relevant spacial informations can be produced with GIS. It can demo the of import characteristics, attractive sites, possible paths of travel, location of hotels, eating houses, bars, shopping installations with inside informations. General information from this map and paths for travel can be used by tourers in choosing their finishs and further planning for travel and stay. For touristry path is besides of import. To make that GIS base map is besides helpful. Application of GIS in Tourism: Some examples- In IRAN: Esfahan Council of Tourism in IRAN investigated the usage of GIS in Tourism Research in hive awaying, pull stringsing and analysing the voluminous touristry informations and study carried out. To make this research, the Esfahan council of touristry in IRAN conducted some stairss which are narrated shortly- Network Analysis: By and large a web is a set of additive characteristics. Common illustrations of webs include main roads, railroads, metropolis streets, rivers, transit paths ( e.g. , theodolite, school coachs, refuse aggregation, and mail bringing ) , and public-service corporation distribution systems ( e.g. , electricity, telephone, H2O supply, and sewerage ) . For the Esfahan council, they use GIS to make web analysis in the additive characteristics utilizing vector theoretical account of GIS. Network Allocation: One of the most of import procedures in the Planning and investing activities is web allotment. In other words, Network allotment is an analysis happening at the same clip of geographical entities and finding procedure. Network Routing: Network routing determines the optimum way along a additive web. The choice of the way can be based on legion standards, such as shortest distance, fastest path, no left turns and minimal cost. Network Tracing: Network following determines a peculiar way through the web In the design stage, after choosing a topographic point which is the most attractive topographic point for tourer, informations procedure and physical design carried out with the aid of ARC position 3.2 with web analysis extension and ARC info. ( www.esri.com ) . Boundary maps, current maps, orthophotos, in-between lines of roads and their name are used as graphical constituents of GIS Design and Application for Tourism in this instance. Middle lines of roads which have vector and graphical feature for web analysis, and historical and touristry topographic points and all of the geographical objects considered as necessary points for touristry were designed as point bed. Merely constructing bed was designed as polygon bed. Different beds for analysis has been used. There is general information on the entry demands to the state, the clime, regulations of the route and disease bar. ArcView web analyst is used to cipher the shortest path between topographic points and generate waies. This is printed for the tourers which help them to happen out their optimal finish. Distance between Parkss and hotels are besides included and the easier path is besides demoing which help the tourers who are driving and utilizing ain conveyance. From this farther optimum planning is possible which will assist to salvage clip and money every bit good. In GHANA: GIS has the ability to execute spacial analysis. This ability has been used in GHANA every bit good. Harmonizing to Daniel longmatey Simple analysis such as statistical sum-ups ( lower limits, upper limits, agencies, and amounts ) and analysis of inter-relationships between assorted touristry related variables could be carried out in a GIS environment. For illustration, the informations sets of historic memorials and roads could assist work out the job of happening all historic memorials along a primary route. In Ghana, GIS is used for cartographic development with the aid of ESRI ARC Info and ARC GIS package. Labels and suited in writing symbols were assigned to the assorted characteristics for easy classification, designation and visual image. Facilities such as roads were besides classified. A composite digital tourer map was therefore produced. With the digital tourer map a tourer can time on a peculiar location and that peculiar point will demo the inside informations of that location. Even the distance measuring, other suited attractive topographic points can be found in that digital tourer map. Use of GIS engineering for touristry planning offers a group of advantages in informations certification and processing that is found in Ghana- Thematic mapmaking can be generated in a fast and cheap manner. Maps are produced in variable graduated tables harmonizing to different sorts of users. Information can be updated fast and easy. To do applications with basic information and to bring forth new information through variable combination is faster and cheaper that traversing informations in manual manner. They can demo consequences in cartographic, statistical, or table signifier. Mistakes can be corrected dinamically, salvaging the clip and stuff that they would be if corrections need to be done on printed maps or tabular arraies. Mapmaking can be presented better and more truth. Information can be integrated easy, through automated relation between different database that describes the same geographic infinite harmonizing different subjects. In Turkey: The Tourism Information and Promotion System ( TIPS ) was developed in Turkey based on a GIS application. The three following entities can utilize the TIPS. They are- Persons on any group of people going to Turkey All travel agents and Tour operators In this system, Digital Tourist Information Bank and a elaborate map established demoing all major, secondary roads, and other roads that provide entree to major historic and natural sites, political boundaries, all metropoliss, important colonies, historical and archeological sites, National Parks, watering place, touristry Centres ( sea athleticss, winter athleticss, etc. ) , ports of entry, and physical boundaries such as sea, lake, and river as separate beds. With the ARC View Network analyst question and expose the shortest distance and travel clip between the specified beginning and finish points are calculated as all the route sections are given distances in stat mis and kilometers, with route quality and degree of service. For illustration, a tourer who wants to travel to Ephesus from Istanbul will come in the names of the two locations, either as a text or by snaping on the map, and the shortest and safest path will be displayed on the screen. Besides, other topographic points of involvement and service countries along that path will be displayed, demoing more possibilities for way stations. It is besides planned to come in the names, references and telephone Numberss of the manager services, air passages, and railroads ( Adil, A. et. Al. ) . Site programs of of import historic, natural sites, street maps of major metropoliss are prepared in a digital format supplying maps demoing streets, location of museums, hotels, eating houses, convention centres, infirmaries, train Stationss, tube Stationss, which allow reference matching and web analysis. ArcView GIS Network Analyst extension gives an chance to set together a full, comprehensive image of the roads in footings of distance, clip, shortest distance, cost, propinquity to certain areas/points, route conditions, degree of service, travel limitations, etc.ArcView GIS provides a holistic position of beds, full information about the state, and entree to broad assortment of hotlinks such as text, image, sound, etc. ( Adil, A. et. Al. ) . In Zimbabwe: In Zimbabwe, GIS has been used to make market research for touristry. Sing touristry as a concern this research has been carried out. It was tried to happen out the following questions utilizing GIS in the touristry sector of Zimbabwe- _ Where clients are located _ The possible turnover of the concern _ Where can farther develop and how For market growing and concern development, it is necessary to cognize the location of the bing clients, the bend over point of the concern and peculiarly which side is in perfect form for farther development at that peculiar clip. In Zulia province, Venezuela: The Tourism Planning Geographic Information System ( SIGTUR, abbreviation in Spanish ) was established in 1997 by the six professors of the University of Zulia based on GIS. SIGTUR usage Esri ArcView GIS with Network Analyst extension and other with 3dAnalyst extension, to make complex thematic maps and on the other manus Esri ArcExplorer is used to back up to confer withing urban research activities.SIGTUR is based on three sort of procedure, uniting automated bids and know-how operators knowledge ( www.proceedings.esri.com ) : 1. Documentation. This procedure feeds GIS system with graphical and prenominal information. Recolection, by in-site enrollment, telephonic studies and institutional information. Systematization, telling information harmonizing subsystem variables. Transcription, digitising. 2. Analysis. It use GIS capacities to cipher relation phenomena between urban variables. Concentration, using statistical analysis to number sum of units per locality or urban country. Proximity, utilizing buffers to cipher influence countries from punctual, direct or polygonal attracting sites. Accessibility, utilizing web analyst to determinate best paths to interesting sites. 3. Consequences. It search the boundary line and making of possible touristry sites. Direct concluding products- Thematic maps by facet, by screen or ready-to-print Database studies, by hunt standards or stock list end products Indirect sub-products Digital maps, utile as consumables for another application. From the above mentioned illustrations, application of GIS in touristry can non be understand to the full. There are many other ways of using GIS in touristry sectors in many ways. If it is chalked out the application of GIS in touristry the undermentioned subjects are found. Data entry, storage and use, Map production, Database direction, Data questions and hunts, Spatial analysis, Spatial mold, Decision support, Location, Condition, Routing, Identify most suited locations for development, Measuring touristry impacts at the different parts, Visitor management/flows, Analyze relationships, Assess possible impacts of touristry development etc. Decision: Tourism finishs are normally characterized by three different landscape characteristics: points, lines, and polygons. Point characteristics are single tourer attractive forces, for illustration, a characteristic in a park, or a historic site along the main road. Coastal beaches and resorts frequently follow a additive form, while large subject Parkss or natural Parkss are features of a polygon characteristic. These locational properties are indispensable to a geographic information system. It is evident that GIS has enormous potency for application in touristry. GIS has been applied in many subjects including geographics, forestry, urban planning, and environmental surveies. Similarly, touristry is a topic related to geographers, economic experts, concern, conservationists, contrivers, anthropologists, and archeologists. For that the potency for GIS applications in touristry is important. Its usage in environmental planning is quickly increasing. Tourism is an activity extremely dependant on environmental resources. Now eco-tourism is going more popular instead than traditional touristry. On the other manus, the strength of touristry planning can be enhanced by GIS applications. So as whole it can be said that GIS is a utile and efficient tool for sustainable touristry development and for touristry research every bit good.

Coca-Cola Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Wordview Journal - Assignment Example It is one of the qualities of God to be all knowing and based on this understanding he has about each person, he claims that he knows what that person is going to choose yet he does not force us into acting in a certain way. The behaviors that have made me draw this conclusion are that he believes that people should have an internal locus of control. He is a doer, and he also acts as a consultant in order to help others to help achieve self liberation as well. This person has been very influential for me because it is one of the first satisfactory answers given to me about this basic dilemma of human life and helped me understand that we have a choice in what we do. Another person, who is one of my friends, also holds a very interesting world view. Although quite young, she still does not believe in the common advice of tit for tat. That person believes that when you dislike something in a person or that person does something bad to you and you reciprocate that bad action then it means that you also have the same traits in yourself. In other words, she believes that by doing so, you eventually become what you abhor or hate. The behavior that has enabled me to reach this conclusion is that whenever another friend is rude to her, she does not reciprocates those actions and tries to ignore such behaviors and maintain friendly attitude. Such a behavior is very rare and none of my other friends possess it. Such an attitude of this friend has enables me to calm down in conflict situations and I no longer believe that everything is just in a quarrel. Because of this person, I evaluated the things that I like and dislike and I maintain my composure and do not stoop low even when in a quarrel. Now when faced with such a situation, I never do or say those things that I would not like others to do or say to me. This has helped me to develop certain standards in my life and has resulted in a consistency of behavior. I have also

If the Earth Were a Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

If the Earth Were a Village - Essay Example In terms of my racial background and how it has affected my social life, I had always thought that race didn’t hold much sway in constructing who I am, but I would be naà ¯ve if I didn’t believe that this influences other peoples opinions of me. It is the case that in this society many people still view race as an important indicator of social status. Whilst it does not matter to me I cannot say with certain it has not affected how others think of me. In terms of how my religious background has affected my life, it is the case that this has exposed me to a number of people in my social circle. As I had regularly attended mass and many after church services, I have met many people who I generally consider to share many of the same values as myself. Furthermore through catechism I have met many friends who come from very different backgrounds but also share many of the same values as me. In this regard I feel I have been very lucky with meeting lots of friendly people throughout my life. However in many respects this could be considered troublesome insofar as through these outlets I have really only been exposed to people with similar vales as myself, and with an increasingly multicultural society I can definitely see the value in meeting more people from different backgrounds with different values.

Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation

Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation What is the current understanding of the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation and how will impact psychology. Abstract This essay is focusing on the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation, specifically on the molecular mechanisms of LTP and reconsolidation, and the crucial role synaptic plasticity plays in fear conditioning and its resultant implication for psychopathology specifically Posttraumatic stress disorder This essay is focusing on current understanding of the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation, specifically on the molecular mechanisms of LTP and reconsolidation, and its resultant implication for psychopathology specifically promising research using propranolol and d-cycloserine as a treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory consolidationis the process by which memories are stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies have traditionally focused on the hippocampus andsystems consolidation, whereshort term memories become long term memories and independent of thehippocampus over time (Pinel, 2011). The more recently discovered process of consolidation is synaptic consolidation, which occurs within the first few hours after learning, and requires protein synthesis and gene transcription (Pinel, 2011). Long term memories were once considered to be stable, but within the last decade, the discovery of reconsolidation, the process in which stored memories can be retrieved and held in labile short-term memory, has changed theory and research on memory (Pinel, 2011). The neurobiological process of synaptic memory consolidation is thought to be long-term potentiation (LTP), which is the prolonged strengthening of the synapse with increased signalling between two neurons (Sacktor, 2012). The model of LTP and synaptic consolidation, as first theorised by Hebb (Pinel, 2011), suggests that changes in membrane potential and alterations of synapticprotein synthesis such as activating Phosporylated Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK),are achieved through activatingintracellular transduction cascades, such as glutamate activating the NMDA receptor so that calcium ions can enter the neuron. These molecular cascades triggertranscription factors such as CREBthat lead to changes ingene expression through RNA synthesis (Pinel, 2011). The result of the gene expression is the lasting structural remodelling of synapses. This complex process of the molecular cascade, expression and process of transcription factors, is susceptible to disruptions in the short ti me period immediately following memory induction (Nader, Schafe LeDoux, 2000a). The potential for memory to be distrupted during consolidation has been extensively researched using pharmacology and trauma. For example, in experiments on Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats, LTP and fear conditioning were blocked when NMDA-receptorantagonistswere administered (Nader et al, 2000b). This process ofLTPis regarded as a contributing factor tosynaptic plasticityand in the growth ofsynaptic strength, and is thought to underlie memory formation, as it affects memory when disrupted. It was previously thought that even though this long process of consolidation could be disrupted, once a memory was consolidated it could not be disrupted. This classic view has been revised over the last 15 years, with extensive research showing that consolidated memories, once retrieved, revert to a labile state where they can be disrupted and undergo another consolidation process, called reconsolidation. (Shwabe, 2014). Reconsolidation was first hypothesised after studies were done using electroconvulsive shock therapy to disrupt consolidated fear memory (Tronson Taylor, 2007). Nader’s (2000a) landmark research using Pavlovianfear conditioningon rats found that a consolidated fear memory can return to alabilestate, when the amygdalais infused with theprotein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Subsequent studies have also shown that post-retrieval treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors can lead to an amnestic state (Shwabe, 2014). It has been concluded therefore that cons olidated fear memory, when reactivated, enters a changeable state that requires de novo protein synthesisfor new consolidation or reconsolidation of the old memory (Shwabe, 2014). Since these breakthrough studies many more have found evidence supporting reconsolidation, and have explored its processes and implications. Reconsolidation research over the last decade has demonstrated that some, but not all memories can be strengthened, weakened, or updated thus providing an opportunity to modify some long term memories (Shwabe, 2014). This very limited essay will focus on a few of the important animal and human studies related to fear memory and reconsolidation theory and its implications for psychology. Fear conditioning, fear memory and extinction learning experiments, often use manipulations of theamygdala, due to its involvement in the encoding and memory of significant emotional experiences (Agren et al, 2012). Most of the research on reconsolidation has been done on animals, one of the first studies of human fear memory consolidation was by Kindt in 2009 in which healthy participants were first fear-conditioned and the fear was reactivated by a single presentation of a conditioned stimulus 24 hours later. Shortly before memory reactivation, participants received the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol during the proposed reconsolidation window, which resulted in substantial weakening of the behavioural fear response and the return of fear memory. Research by Schiller (2010) also explored fear memory activation and update mechanisms and extinction learning, and found the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an important role (Schiller, 2013). Agren et al (2012) also demonstrated fear memory trace erasure in the amygdala of humans using behavioural manipulations. Using functional brain imaging, Agren and colleagues (2012) found that when reconsolidation was disrupted through extinction training, the fear memory was significantly weakened and the memory trace was erased in the amygdala. Additional important recent research providing support for memory updating used Pavlovian fear conditioning manipulations and micro density heat map measures of fear memory on the lateral amygdala of rats, and found that the memory recapitulated not only in the same location but in new areas during reconsolidation (Bergstrom, McDonald, Dey, Tang, Selwyn Johnson, 2013). These, and many more important studies using different experimental manipulations, suggest that memory is labile and updated after reactivation, and that more or less the same areas are recruited for reconsolidation that are involved in initial memory formation. The potential ability to modify established emotional memories through the processes of memory updating, reconsolidationand extinction of conditioned fear memories has important implications for the treatment of many mental disorders, including anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as ananxiety disorderin the DSM iV, characteristic symptoms of PTSD are strong traumatic memories that are continuously retrieved in an intrusive manner, causing re-experiencing of the original trauma (Schwabe, 2014).Research is focusing on testing pharmacological treatments and behavioural interventions that target memory reconsolidation in PTSD populations. One drug being researched in neurobiology for the treatment of PTSD is propranolol, the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist that has effects on protein synthesis. The idea that propranolol could be a useful treatment in PTSD stemmed from studies showing that this drug can disrupt the reconsolidation of fear conditioning in animal models and humans (Kindt, 2009). There is some evidence of success with propranolol, such as in pilot studies by Pitman (2002) and Vaiva (2003) which found that immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma. In recent experiments using propranolol, patients with chronic PTSD were asked to prepare a written script of their personal traumatic experience that caused the PTSD. Each patient then received either propranolol or a placebo (Brunet et al, 2008). One week later, all patients underwent a procedure where there physiological arousal was tested as the script was read. The results showed that psychophysiological responding was significantly lower in patients who had received propranolol a week earlier than in patients who were administered a placebo. These findings were replicated and extended in three open-label studies where PTSD symptoms were significantly lower than at pretreatment (Brunet et al, 2011). In these promising studies on the effect of post-retrieval propranolol in chronic PTSD it is ambiguous as to whether the benefits were from propranolol enhancement or the psychological intervention; And whether propranolol enhanced extinction consolidation or blocked memory reconsoli dation. (de Kleine et al, 2013). Some of these studies also lacked the appropriate control groups that would be required to conclude that the observed effects are due to changes in memory reconsolidation, however, these findings suggest that postretrieval manipulations with propranolol might be a promising tool in the treatment of PTSD, even when the trauma is decades old. d-cycloserine (DCS) is another pharmacological intervention being recently researched in reconsolidation and PTSD due to it being a partial NMDA receptor agonist and extinction enhancer (De Kliene, 2014). Research on using exposure therapy with DCS for PTSD suggests that it could be promising (De Kliene, 2014). Exposure therapy is established as an effective form of fear extinction training in PTSD through the repeated exposure of the trauma memory, and its emotional processing (De Kliene, 2014). De Kleine, Hendriks, Kusters, Broekman, and van Minnen (2012) investigated the effect of DCS on exposure therapy on a female civilian population and found no overall enhancement effects, but a stronger treatment response. However, a second study on a male veteran population found a significant enhancement (Litz et al, 2012). Some criticisms of these studies were the possibility that DCS might have undesirable effects when there is no in session fear extinction, and the need for more research and better administration of the drug (De Kleine, 2014). Sheeringa (2014) researched the effect of d-cycloserine with cognitive behaviour therapy on pediatric posttraumatic stress using a randomized placebo-controlled d-cycloserine. So far, DCS has only shown as extinction effect when used with behavioural training such as exposure therapy and CBT. This study did not show a greater effect on reducing PTSD symptoms, but did show preliminary evidence for improving attention of participants. Another promising study currently in press looked at whether DCS enhanced psychotherapy when used with virtual reality trauma exposure therapy (Difede, 2014). The pilot trial was randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind and found significantly greater PTSD remission rates for DCS group, with larger between groups effect sizes (Difede, 2014). Understanding the processes of reconsolidation and the crucial role synaptic plasticity plays in fear conditioning does have exciting and important implication for psychopathology specifically PTSD. There are still barriers and boundary conditions to be understood and overcome for example, memory age and strength. In Posttraumatic stress disorder, unwanted memories need to be retrieved and destabilized before they can be modified during reconsolidation. One of the barriers particular to PTSD is that researchers have proposed that younger and weaker memories are more likely to be modified after reconsolidation than older and stronger memories which are less likely to be modified (Wihchet, 2011). Further boundary conditions highlighted by Shwabe at al (2014) is the context in which the reactivation takes place, and the presence of new information at reactivation of the memories. Therefore, more research is needed to understand exactly when memories do and do not undergo reconsolidation in order to use reconsolidation as a treatment for disorders such as PTSD.

Cold environments Case Study- Alaska Essay

Location * State in the United States-international boundary with Canada to the east, arctic ocean to the north * Largest state in United States by area, however least densely populated Economy * GDP in 2007: $64,333 * Per capita personal income : $40,042, rank :15th in nation * Oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy * More than 80% of states revenues derived from petroleum extraction * Main export : seafood , agriculture represent only fraction of economy * Largest employers: * Providence health and services : 4000+ av. Monthly employment in 2010 * Walmart: 3000-3259 av .monthly employment 2010 History * First oil claims in Alaska made in the 1890, noted oil sea pages on iniskin bay and cold bay- not pursued by Russians * 1898- first Alaskan wells drilled in Iniskin Peninsula * Alaska’s first productive oil drilling operation was at Katalla, on the Gulf of Alaska, south of the Copper River delta * In 1911 several new wells in the district began to produce significant oil, costs not big enough to justify extraction * In 1960, following the statehood of Alaska and the creation of the state natural resources agencies, oil companies bought exploration leases for work in Cook Inlet * The boom in economic development and population growth after the discovery of oil was immediate and still continues Types of Development in Alaska * Oil and Gas industry- major oil fields developed along central north slope * Oil production accounts for 93% of Alaska’s unrestricted general fund revenues. * Since statehood, Alaska has received $164 billion in revenues from oil * Development in the fishing industry- sea provides endless harvest worth billions of pounds. Over 3 million lakes, 3000 rivers and 34 000 miles coastline- bountiful fishing regions in the world * Salmon fishing industry- worth $11 billion a year * Provide thousands of jobs, long term economic engine * Pollock fishery- 1,252,000 million metric tons- 2.7 billion ponds annum * Seafood- top export commodity. 2009- 1.6 b dollars. Accounted for 50% states total exports. * Seafood processing accounts 71% of manufacturing jobs in ALK. * Fishing industry- generated 54 000 jobs- short seasonal * Mining- historically a cornerstone of alaska’s economy. Today, mining industry brings broad range of benefits- offering highest paid jobs in the state. * Produces zinc, lead, copper , gold, silver, coal * Alaska’s 7 largest mines Provided more than 2,250 full time jobs of 9500 total mining ind jobs in state * Mining creates public revenue by paying state and local taxes * Help support local economies in both urban and rural Alaska. * Issues: spent $300 million on exploration last year * drilling costs and fuel expenses have risen sharply * Facts and economic impact-cumulative value of mining industry: $4.4 bil. 2011 * Minerals are the states second largest export commodity. Accounted for 31% of states export total- zinc and lead from Red Dog mine * Approximately 200 placer mines produced 70,000 ounces of gold, as well as platinum, in Alaska in 2011. In addition to Alaska’s active precious-metals mining industry, there were more than 120 active rock quarries, and sand and gravel operations throughout the state. Pressures on Cold Environment * Alaska is unique state- economic development in it’s remote, petroleum based economy- resembles oil rich developing nations than other US states * Realtively small size of the Alaskan economy can discourage production for local use. * Geography wise- their location is at a disadvantage. Difficult to transport oil to other countries * Trans Alaska pipeline * Pipeline flows through natural biomes, upsets animal trails, carries potential of a devastating leak * Woodland destroyed- also people’s homes affected

Sex’ vs ‘Sexuality

Assembling an Understanding of ‘Sex’ Verses ‘Sexuality’ â€Å"Biologists and psychologists who have accepted the doctrine that the only natural function of sex is reproduction have simply ignored the existence of sexual activity which is not reproductive† Alfred Kinsey (The Invention of Sexuality 40) The terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ have not always had a clear differentiation, but as the study of sexuality (sexology) has continued and become more commonly studied and recognized, these terms have adapted their own definitions.However, each does not have a perfect definition, because people will have their own opinions regarding the terms. The above quote by a historian of sex was interesting to me because it brings up the aspect of biology within the understanding of the terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’. My personal idea, or understanding, is that ‘sex’ constitutes the more biological side†” ones physical features, gender, reproduction (‘sex’ is also the abbreviation for sexual intercourse); and the term ‘sexuality’ makes up everything else that surrounds an individual’s definition of their sexual identity, orientation, and feelings.When reading articles online, I came across this quote: â€Å"sexuality is about who or what you are attracted to, not where you put your dick† (bitheway), which I found to be a very blunt but interesting way to think about what constitutes ‘sexuality’. â€Å"Where you put your †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is your personal preference, but that preference is a compilation of the aspects of one’s personal world and how they have come to define and understand their individual inclination. All of the parts that are compiled in order to form ones individual definition are aspects of ‘sexuality’ within our culture.Another page online gives definitions for ‘sex’ and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsexuality’ that I have found to be the most clear and complete: Sex refers to whether or not a person is male or female, whether a person has a penis or vagina. Sexuality refers to the total expression of who you are as a human being, your femaleness or your maleness†¦ Your sexuality is an interplay between body image, gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation, eroticism, genitals, intimacy, relationships, and love and affection†¦ includes his or her attitudes, values, knowledge and behaviors.How people express their sexuality is influenced by their families, culture, society, faith and beliefs. (Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences) The influence from all aspects of our lives that guide us to define our sexuality is a major component in sexology. The italicized words in the definition above are some I think are very significant in understanding what constitutes ‘sexuality’.Since the study of sex started to dramatically change, there has been more understanding within so many topics of sexuality, such as gender (roles and variance), marriage and the family, homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality, intersex, trans-gender/sex/vestite, evolution of sexual identities, legal and medical regulation, religious roles/codes, phallocentricism, women’s bodies and health, illegitimacy, â€Å"and the importance of social networks and oppositional sexualities† (The Invention of Sexuality 39).This is only the first week that I have studied sexuality and culture in an educational environment, and after enjoying many sources of new material I have begun to compile my own understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’, which is just the beginning of my learning on the subject. One of the most important aspects to take away from these introductory lessons is how grand of a role society and culture have on sexuality.It is so important to be aware of and take into account culture’s influen ce on sexuality now and within the history of sex. In our US society (and this is a generalization) some vital influences are class, race/ethnicity, gender, age, family history and how one was raised, physical ability, religion and region. Now that I have collected a better understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ as educational terms, I can further my knowledge of everything that makes up sexuality within cultures around the world.Bitheway. Sex Verses Sexuality. Bi The Way: An exploration of Male Bisexuality. 6 May 2008. http://www. bitheway. co. uk/2008/05/06/sex-versus-sexuality/. Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences (Learning Activity). RECAPP 2007-2009. http://www. etr. org/recapp/index. cfm? fuseaction=pages. LearningActivitiesDeta il&PageID=167 The Invention of Sexuality. Sexual Lives: A Reader on the Theories and Realities of Human Sexualities. McGraw-Hill, 2003.

buy custom Impacts of Computers essay

buy custom Impacts of Computers essay We owe everything that we have today to technology. Technology has greatly impacted our lives. However, computer technology has completely outdone all the other forms of technologies. Computers have made the impossible possible, things that could not easily be achieved are now possible due to them. The history of computers goes back a long way. The first electronic computers were people. This is because the machines developed did things that were initially carried out by people. Originally, the term computer was a title assigned to human beings whose role was to carry out repetitive computation of calculations (Cnaan and Parsole, 2009). The abacus was invented to aid mans memory while carrying out calculations. In 1942, John Eckert, John Maunchly and their associates built the first electronic computer. It is undeniable that computers have made such a big impact in our lives and the society as a whole. It is no longer possible to find a place where computers are not involved in carrying out one or more activities. Whichever direction you turn into, there is always the need of a computer. Currently almost all business entities need computers and their respective technologies to carry out their activities. The past few years have seen this field of technology advance rapidly and due to this it has been transformed as the core tool in business today (Cnaan nd Parsole, 2009). Computer technology has seen unimaginable advancements prompting every organization to use it. Investors consider computers inexpensive assets that are a must have due to their conveniences in creating opportunities for investment. It is through computers that we are able to search for jobs online, learn a vast range of things, carry out research and buy stock. It is true to assert that computers have transformed the world a lot (Rosenberg, 2004). It is through the computer that man has been assisted to step forward and face the future. We owe a lot to computers. Thorough computers, space exploration is possible, new vehicle designs have been developed, entertainment is more interesting and science and medicine has been able to manufacture better and improved medicines to cure diseases. Though to some it may be difficult to notice how computers have impacted our lives, it is due to computers that life has become much easier and enjoyable. As stated by Rosenberg (2004), computers play a very vital and positive role in the education sector. Students are able to work on their assignments through internet research. Learners can also type their reports on the word processing program. This is a program thatt makes it possible for learners to type their work or assignments. Business entities and computers are inseparable. The entities use computers to keep track of their stocks, money, accounts and all things that are crucial for the running of the business. Computers have various programs which are important in presentation of information and ideas to people. The computer is not only essential for its word processing program but the device can carry a huge sum of data and information. Thinking that our past generation was able to live without computers is unbelievable. The uses of computers range from one thing to millions of activities. Commerce is unheard of and impossible without computers (Rosenberg, 2004). Computers regulate commercial activities and communicate to millions of people across all over the world in a matter of seconds concurrently. Computers have helped the world a lot and thus preparing for the future more comfortably. Entertainment and businesses entities use computers to make profits, education institutions use computers to assist learners to learn better. Similarly, the medical department cannot look down upon the importance of computers. Without the assistance of computers, many things that are possible today would not have been possible. The world would have been a primitive and dull place to live in without this important device. Buy custom Impacts of Computers essay

Mans Fate Book Report essays

Man's Fate Book Report essays Andr Malraux was a French writer, explorer and statesman, who was born in Paris on 3 November 1901. He was self-taught through his love of books and paintings and his early acquaintance with avant-garde poets and artist. (Winegarten 268) He learned Oriental languages that came in handy during his time in Asia. Where he became extremely critical of the French colonial authorities in Indochina, helping to organize the Young Annam League and founded the newspaper Indochina in Chains. On his return to France he published his first novel, The Temptation of the West (1926). This was trailed by The Conquerors (1928), The Royal Way (1930) and Mans Fate (French: La Condition Humaine) (1934), an influential novel about the overcome of a collective government in Shangai and the options the losers have to face. He used his experiences in Asia as background for his first novels, counting Mans Fate (1933), which won the Prix Goncourt [of literature]. (Bertram 53) Malrauxs career begins in mystery with the expedition to Indochina, the obscure affair of the missing statues, a short term of imprisonment, and a plunge into Eastern politics. The details of these matters are still unknown to us, but it is their resonance that counts. With all their shadow and uncertainty they nevertheless suggest a purity of adventure. Malraux entered the European consciousness not as a writer but as an event, as a symbolic figure somehow combining the magical qualities of youth and heroism with a sense of unlimited promise. (William Righter in The Rhetorical Hero, 1964) kirjasto.sci.fi/malraux.htm Mans Fate was first published in the year 1933, as a fictional story of the early days of the Chinese Revolution. This novel remains an n influential term of psychological insight into the strength of political revolution. From the opening scene, in which Chinese terrorist Chen Ta...

SWOT Analysis for McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOT Analysis for McDonalds - Essay Example The role of SWOT analysis is to take the information from the environmental analysis and separate it into internal issues (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats).† The purpose of this paper is to perform a SWOT analysis on McDonald’s. In the process of this analysis, the objectives it pursues; the methods by which it has grown in size and the reasons the company might have had for choosing those methods; and the political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological (PEST) factors which are shaping the external environment in which the company is operating will be thoroughly examined. McDonald’s names their vision statement as, â€Å"We envision a supply system that profitably yields high-quality, safe food products without supply interruption while creating a net benefit for employees, their communities, biodiversity, and the environment† (McDonald’s, 2008, pg. 1). The company holds a number of principles as well, claiming, â€Å"Our work toward a socially responsible supply system is motivated by our commitment to our customers, leadership on sustainability issues, and our desire to ‘do the right thing’† (McDonald’s, 2008, pg. 1). First of all, they pledge to find solutions to how their supply chain is affected by both the natural and social worlds through the utilization of a systems-based approach. Second, when they plan their objectives, they set their sights on long-term goals. Third, from a globally operational standpoint, they pledge to focus on the local needs of the area in which a particular restaurant or chain of restaurants is operating. Fourth, they strive to use the best science possible upon which to base their strategies. Fifth, they work to continuously improve through building positive relationships with their suppliers.  

The European Sovereign Debt Crisis Research Paper - 1

The European Sovereign Debt Crisis - Research Paper Example After a while, the deficit rate became enormous, thus leading to the rise of the sovereign debt crisis in the year 2009. Therefore, it is arguable to state that is the starting point of the European debt crisis. This paper will attempt to look at the causes and effects of the European debt crisis. How Greece became the origin and what other countries were affected by the situation. Finally, the current state of Europe after the debt crisis shall be analyzed. Greece had one of the fast growing economies and as a result had a massive deficit. As the global financial crisis came to pass, Greece was greatly affected. This was evident especially on the country’s largest industries (tourism and shipping industry). This led to lump sum spending to keep the economy going, but instead the sovereign debt increased with each passing day. With increased borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and the European Union, the Greek government was problem bound. Greece registered a debt of five hundred and forty billion dollars (Stein, 1). This is one hundred and twenty five percent of its Gross Domestic Product. Despite Greece making one or two mistakes, there were other factors that led to the crisis in Greece. External debts of Europeans states are at the center of the recent crises. In general, the debt crisis is associated with the budget deficits being in excess of the values provided by the Maastricht Treaty, and the Stability and Gro wth Pact (Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 1). These groups only focused on debt and deficit ratio ignoring external debts. Consequently, the laws governing the European Central Bank do not allow single investors and creditors to borrow government bonds in case of a crisis. Eventually, the debt crisis became alarming as the country decreased public benefits (Greece froze civil service salaries and in turn raised taxes and retirement